Private Pilot Groundschool

Aerodromes and Airports
Introduction
4 Topics | 1 Quiz
Aerodromes
Airports
Prohibitions
Airport Certification and Zoning
Knowledge Check
Aerodrome Markers and Markings
Runway and Taxiway Markings
14 Topics
Apron, Movement and Manoeuvring Areas
Runway Design Criteria and Types
Runway Designator
Threshold Markings
Displaced Thresholds
Aiming Point
Touchdown Zone Marking
Blastpad and Stopway
Clearway
Turn Pad
Runway Holding Position Markings
Closed Runway Markings
Declared Distances
Taxiway Markings
Airside Signs
4 Topics
Information Signs
Mandatory Instruction Signs
Illumination of Airside Signs
Markers and Markings Review
Obstruction Marking and Lighting
3 Topics
Markings
Lighting
Low Level Flying
Wind Direction Indicator
2 Topics | 1 Quiz
General
Regulations
Knowledge Check
Aerodrome Lighting
Runway Lighting
11 Topics
Minimum Night Lighting Requirements at Aerodromes
Runway Edge Lights
Runway Threshold Lights and End Lights
Displaced Threshold Lighting
Runway Centreline Lighting
Runway Touchdown Zone Lighting
Rapid Exit Taxiway Lighting
Runway Guard Lights
Runway Threshold Identification Lights
Visual Alignment Guidance System
Retro Reflective Markers
Taxiway Lighting
5 Topics
Taxiway Edge Lights
Taxiway Centreline Lights
Stop Bars
Unserviceable Area Lighting
Airport Lighting Review
Visual Approach Slope Indicator Systems (VASIS)
4 Topics
General
Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI)
Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI)
Eye to Wheel Height (EWH)
Aircraft Radio Control of Aerodrome Lighting
3 Topics
General
Type K
Type J
Approach Lighting System
6 Topics | 1 Quiz
Low Intensity Approach Lighting System
Omnidirectional Approach Lighting System
MALSR
MALSF
ALSF-2
Emergency Lighting
Knowledge Check
Permits, Licensing and Ratings
Requirement to Hold a Flight Licence
3 Topics
Aviation Document Booklet
Language Proficiency
Aircraft Radio Station Licensing
Privileges
2 Topics
Category, Class and Type of Aircraft
Private Pilot Privileges
Recency Requirements
4 Topics
General
6 Month Requirement
2 Year Requirement
5 Year Requirement
Medical Requirements
4 Topics
General
Types
Validity Period
Medical Fitness
Personal Logs
2 Topics | 1 Quiz
General
Regulatory Requirements
Knowledge Check
Airspace Structure, Classification and Use
Airspace Structure and Classification
2 Topics
Airspace Structure
Airspace Classification
Canadian Domestic Airspace
3 Topics
Canadian Domestic Airspace (CDA)
Northern Domestic Airspace (NDA)
Southern Domestic Airspace (SDA)
Controlled Airspace
2 Topics
High Level Controlled Airspace
Low Level Controlled Airspace
Control Zones
2 Topics
General
Dimensions
Terminal Control Areas
2 Topics
General
Dimensions
Transition Areas and Control Area Extensions
2 Topics
Transition Areas
Control Area Extensions
Airways and Air Routes
5 Topics
General
VHF/UHF Airways
LF/MF Airways
Tango Routes
Air Routes
Airspace Classification
8 Topics
General
Class A Airspace
Class B Airspace
Class C Airspace
Class D Airspace
Class E Airspace
Class G Airspace
Summary
Special Use Airspace
5 Topics
General
Advisory Airspace
Restricted Airspace
Danger Area
Charting
Other Airspace Divisions
Transponders and Transponder Airspace
6 Topics
Transponder
Modes
VFR Codes
IFR Codes
Transponder Alerting
Transponder Airspace
Altimeter Setting and Standard Pressure Region
3 Topics
Altimeter Setting Region
Standard Pressure Region
Transition
Temporary Flight Restrictions
2 Topics
Introduction
Forest Fires
Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ) and Emergency Security Control of Aircraft (ESCAT) Plan
2 Topics
Air Defence Identification Zone
ESCAT Plan
Flight Information Region
2 Topics | 1 Quiz
Introduction
Flight Information Regions
Knowledge Check
Operating and Flight Rules
ATC Clearances and Instructions
2 Topics
Clearances and Instructions
Inability to Issue Clearance
Visual Meteorological Conditions
5 Topics
General
Controlled Airspace
Uncontrolled Airspace
Special VFR
VFR Over-The-Top
Airspeed Limitations and Supersonic Flight
2 Topics
Airspeed Limitations
Supersonic Flight
Authority of the Pilot in Command
2 Topics
General
Compliance with Instructions
Flight Over Built-Up Areas
3 Topics
General
Takeoff, Approach and Landing Restrictions
Minimum Altitudes and Distances
Right of Way and Collision Avoidance
8 Topics
Introduction
Converging Traffic
Risk of Collision
Overtaking Aircraft
Landings and Takeoffs
Emergencies
Scanning Technique
Blind Spots
Aerobatic Manoeuvres, Parachuting and Formation Flights
3 Topics
Aerobatic Manoeuvres
Entering or Leaving an Aircraft in Flight
Formation Flight
Conservation Areas
3 Topics | 1 Quiz
Fur and Poultry Farms
Protection of Wildlife
National, Provincial and Municipal Parks, Reserves and Refuges
Knowledge Check
Operational and Emergency Equipment Requirements
General Equipment Requirements
2 Topics
Applicability
Requirements for Power-Driven Aircraft
Survival Equipment and Flight Over Water
3 Topics | 1 Quiz
Survival Equipment – Flight Over Land
Life Preservers and Floatation Devices
Life Rafts and Survival Equipment
Knowledge Check
Operations in the Vicinity of an Aerodrome
Circuit Procedures
8 Topics | 1 Quiz
General
Controlled Airports – Joining the Circuit
Controlled Airports – Leaving the Circuit
Uncontrolled Airports – Joining the Circuit
Uncontrolled Airports – Leaving the Circuit
Flight Through an MF
Continuous Circuits
Manoeuvring Area
Knowledge Check
Normal and Emergency Radiocommunications
Normal Radio Communications
4 Topics
Language
Standard Phraseology
Continuous Listening Watch
Communications Checks
Emergency and Lost Communications
3 Topics
Two-Way Communication Failure in VFR Flight
Light Gun Signals
Emergency Radio Frequency Capability
Interception of Aircraft and Instructions to Land
2 Topics | 1 Quiz
General
Interception Signals
Knowledge Check
Aircraft Equipment Requirements
General Requirements
4 Topics
Flight Authority
Availability of Aircraft Flight Manual
Markings and Placards
Unserviceable and Removed Equipment
Technical Records and Liability Insurance
4 Topics
Requirement to Keep Technical Records
Journey Log
Transfer of Records
Liability Insurance
Aircraft Equipment Requirements
3 Topics
Day VFR Equipment Requirements
Night VFR Equipment Requirements
Use of Position and Anti-Collision Lights
Seatbelts and Restraint Systems
3 Topics | 1 Quiz
General
Proper Use of Safety Belts and Shoulder Harnesses
Turbulence and the Use of Safety Belts
Knowledge Check
Aircraft Maintenance Requirements
General Requirements
3 Topics
Who is Responsible for Maintaining the Aircraft
Airworthiness Directives (ADs)
Maintenance Release
Elementary Work
2 Topics
Definition
Elementary Work Task Listings
Maintenance Schedule
3 Topics
Annual Inspections
Out-of-Phase Tasks
Progressive Inspection Schedules
Inspection after Abnormal Occurrences
11 Topics | 1 Quiz
General
Overweight Landings
Severe Turbulence
Exceeding Airspeed Limitations
Burst Tires
Prop Strikes
Lightning Strikes
High Winds or Jet Blast
Engine Temperature, Torque and RPM Exceedances
Misfuelling
Exposure to Volcanic Ash
Knowledge Check
Transportation Safety Board (TSB)
Accidents, Incidents and Safety Investigations
4 Topics | 1 Quiz
The TSB and Aviation Safety Investigations
Accidents
Mandatory Reportable Incidents
Keeping and Preserving of Evidence
Knowledge Check
Air Traffic Services and Procedures
Air Traffic Services and Procedures
3 Topics
Air Traffic Control and Information
Flight Advisory and Information
Radar service – Clock Position System
Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO)
3 Topics
General
Pilot Responsibilities
Conditions for Conduct of LAHSO
Runway Incursions
4 Topics | 1 Quiz
General
Contributing Factors
Prevention
Best Practices in the Flight Deck
Knowledge Check.
Progress Check
1 Quiz
Air Law Progress Check
Theory of Flight
Principles of Flight
2 Topics
Bernoulli’s Principle
Newton’s Laws of Motion
How Lift is Created
3 Topics
Parts of an Airfoil
Pressure Distribution
Lift Equation
The Four Forces of Flight
4 Topics
Thrust
Drag
Lift
Weight
Drag
6 Topics
Types of Drag
Induced Drag
Form Drag
Interference Drag
Skin Friction Drag
Drag Curve
Forces During a Turn
3 Topics
Introduction
Slipping, Skidding and Coordinated Turns
Turn Radius and Turn Rate
Forces During Climbs and Descents
2 Topics
Forces During Climbs
Forces During Descents
Load Factor and Flight Manoeuvres
2 Topics | 1 Quiz
Load Factor and Bank Angle
Stall Speed and Load Factor
Knowledge Check
Flight Controls
Flight Controls
4 Topics
Aeroplane Axes and Planes of Movement
Ailerons
Elevators
Rudder
Trimming Devices
8 Topics
Trim Tab
Ground Adjustable Tab
Balance Tab
Servo Tab
Anti-servo Tab
Spring Tab
Adjustable Stabilizer
Summary
Airframes, Engines and Systems
Major Aeroplane Components
7 Topics
Powerplant
Fuselage
Wing Structure
Wing Placement
Empennage
Landing Gear
Brakes
Engines
7 Topics
Parts of Reciprocating Engine
Types of Reciprocating Engines
The Four Stroke Cycle
Ignition System
Induction System
Exhaust System
Cooling
Propellers
8 Topics
Parts of a Propeller
Aerodynamic Definitions
Geometric and Effective Pitch
Propeller Twist
Stresses on a Propeller
Pushers and Tractors
Fixed Pitch Propellers
Constant Speed Propellers
Left Turning Tendencies
4 Topics
Torque Reaction
Corkscrew Effect
Gyroscopic Effect
Asymmetric Thrust
Carburation
7 Topics
Parts of the Carburetor
Main Metering System
Accelerating System
Idling System
Mixture Controls
Carburetor Icing
Carburetor Heat
Fuel Injection
2 Topics
Principle of Operation
Advantages and Disadvantages
Electrical System
6 Topics
Generators and Alternators
Batteries
Bus Bars
Fuses and Circuit Breakers
Voltage Regulators
Ammeters and Loadmeters
Lubricating System
8 Topics
Functions
Types
Pump
Filter
Pressure Regulating Valve
Oil Pressure and Temperature Gauge
Cooler
Servicing
Fuel Systems
5 Topics
Gravity Feed Systems
Pump Feed Systems
Fuel Tanks
Filters and Strainers
Fuel Quantity Indication System
Fuels
2 Topics
Fuel Types
Fuel Handling
Preignition and Detonation
3 Topics
Preignition
Detonation
Identification
Oxygen Systems
4 Topics
Regulations
Storage
Delivery Systems
Masks
Vacuum Systems
5 Topics | 1 Quiz
System Overview
Engine Driven Vacuum Pump
Air Filter
Suction Relief Valve
Suction Gauge
Knowledge Check
Design of the Wing
Wing Design
11 Topics
Wing Span
Chord Length
Aspect Ratio
Angle of Incidence
Washout
Wing Sweep
Winglets
Wing Fence
Vortex Generator
Spoilers
Wing Planform
Leading and Trailing Edge Devices
2 Topics | 1 Quiz
Leading Edge Devices
Flaps
Knowledge Check.
Aircraft Stability
Stability and Control
2 Topics
Static Stability
Dynamic Stability
Longitudinal Stability
4 Topics
Aircraft Axes
Definition
CG Location
Effect of Thrust
Lateral Stability
4 Topics
Definition
Dihedral
Sweepback
Wing Position
Directional Stability
2 Topics | 1 Quiz
Definition
Factors Affecting Directional Stability
Knowledge Check
Pitot-Static System
Pitot-Static System
4 Topics
Pitot Tube
Static Port
Alternate Static Source
System Diagram
Pressure Altimeter
6 Topics
What Does it Measure?
Theory of Operation
Effect of Nonstandard Pressure
Effect of Nonstandard Temperature
Mountains and Valleys
Useful Memory Aids
Airspeed Indicator
2 Topics
Theory of Operation
Instrument Markings
Vertical Speed Indicator
2 Topics
Theory of Operation
Limitations
Pitot-Static System Blockages
3 Topics | 1 Quiz
Blockage of Pitot Tube Inlet
Blockage of Pitot Tube Inlet and Drain Hole
Blockage of Static Port
Knowledge Check
Magnetic Compass
Magnetic Compass
7 Topics | 1 Quiz
Earth’s Magnetic Field
Construction
Variation
Deviation
Magnetic Dip
Acceleration Errors
Turning Errors
Knowledge Check
Gyroscopic Instruments
Gyroscopes
3 Topics
What is a Gyroscope
Rigidity in Space
Precession
Heading Indicator
2 Topics
Principle of Operation
Drift
Attitude Indicator
1 Topic
Principle of Operation
Turn and Bank Indicators and Turn Coordinators
3 Topics | 1 Quiz
Turn and Slip Indicators
Turn Coordinators
Inclinometer
Knowledge Check
Winter Operations
The Effect of Icing on Flight Performance
6 Topics
Formation
Factors Affecting Ice Accretion
Supercooled Large Drops
General Considerations
Roll Upset
Tail Stall
Types of Icing
4 Topics
Rime Ice
Clear Ice
Mixed Ice
Reporting Criteria
The Clean Aircraft Concept
2 Topics
Regulations
Prevention
Cold Soaking
2 Topics
Definition
Prevention
Deicing Procedures
2 Topics
Mechanical
Chemical
Deicing and Anti-Icing Fluids
4 Topics
Introduction
Holdover Time
Fluid Types
Fluid Application Procedures
Winter Illusions
2 Topics | 1 Quiz
Flat Light
Whiteout
Knowledge Check
Mountain Flying Operations
Flight Operations in Mountainous Areas
3 Topics
Mountainous Regions
Density Altitude
Flight Planning
Wheelbarrowing and Groundloops
Wheelbarrowing
2 Topics
Causes
Recovery
Groundloop
2 Topics
Causes
Recovery
Hydroplaning
Hydroplaning
5 Topics | 1 Quiz
Introduction
Dynamic Hydroplaning
Viscous Hydroplaning
Reverted Rubber Hydroplaning
Hydroplaning Speed
Knowledge Check
Use of Performance Charts
Takeoff and Landing Charts
3 Topics
Takeoff Charts
Landing Charts
Factors Affecting Performance
Canadian Runway Friction Index
3 Topics | 1 Quiz
Introduction
Effect on Takeoff Distance
Effect on Directional Control
Knowledge Check
Weight and Balance
Weight and Balance – Effect on Performance, Stability and Control
2 Topics
Weight
Balance
Determining Loaded Weight and CG
1 Topic
Sample Calculation
Weight Shift Formula
3 Topics | 1 Quiz
Introduction
Weight Shift
Weight Added or Removed
Knowledge Check
Wake Turbulence, Jet Blast and Propeller Blast
Wake Turbulence
4 Topics
Formation
Effect on Aircraft
Avoidance
ATC Separation
Jet and Propeller Blast
2 Topics | 1 Quiz
Jet Blast
Propeller Blast
Knowledge Check
Aviation Physiology
Hypoxia
2 Topics
Types
Time of Useful Consciousness
Hyperventilation
2 Topics
Symptoms
Treatment
Decompression Sickness
3 Topics
Definition
Scuba Diving
Treatment
Middle Ear and Sinus Problems
3 Topics
Barotitis
Barosinusitis
Barodontalgia
Hearing, Noise and Vibration
4 Topics
The Ear
Measuring Sound
Effect of Prolonged Exposure to Loud Noises
Vibration
The Inner Ear and Orientation
2 Topics
Spatial Disorientation
Semicircular Canals and Otoliths
Vestibular Illusions
5 Topics
The Leans
Graveyard Spin
Graveyard Spiral
Coriolis Illusion
Somatogravic Illusion
The Eyes
3 Topics
How We See
Day and Night Vision
Empty Field Myopia
Visual Illusions
6 Topics
Runway Width
Runway Slope
Black Hole
False Horizon
Rain on the Windshield
Drifting Snow
Positive and Negative Gs
6 Topics
What’s a G?
Greyout
Blackout
G-LOC
Redout
Tolerance
Sleep and Fatigue
4 Topics
Introduction
Acute Fatigue
Chronic Fatigue
Circadian Rhythm
Drugs and Alcohol
3 Topics
Medication, Natural Health Products and Cannabis
Anaesthetics
Alcohol
Blood Donations and Immunizations
2 Topics
Blood Donations
Immunizations
Diet and Nutrition
3 Topics
Diet
Sugar
Caffeine
Pregnancy
2 Topics
Medical Fitness
Flying While Pregnant
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
4 Topics | 1 Quiz
What is Carbon Monoxide?
Detection
Symptoms
Treatment
Knowledge Check
Aviation Psychology
The Decision Making Process
4 Topics
Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)
Risk Management
Situational Awareness
Decision Making
Factors Affecting Good Judgement
6 Topics
Lack of Vigilance
Distractions
Peer Pressure
Insufficient or Incorrect Knowledge
Not Knowing the Consequences
Overconfidence
Stress
4 Topics
What is Stress?
Effect on Performance
Acute Stress
Chronic Stress
Hazardous Attitudes
2 Topics
Introduction
Managing Hazardous Attitudes
Managing Risk
4 Topics | 1 Quiz
Risk Management Process
Risk Assessment Matrix
IM SAFE Checklist
PAVE Checklist
Knowledge Check
Progress Check
1 Quiz
General Knowledge Progress Check
The Earth's Atmosphere
Composition of Earth’s Atmosphere
2 Topics
Composition of the Atmosphere
Vertical Structure
The Standard Atmosphere
2 Topics
Description
ISA Deviation
Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
2 Topics
Definition
Station Pressure
Pressure Systems
5 Topics | 1 Quiz
Pressure Gradient Force
Coriolis Force
High Pressure Systems
Low Pressure Systems
Isobars
Knowledge Check
Heating and Cooling of the Atmosphere
Heat Transfer
4 Topics
Definition
Radiation
Convection
Conduction
Atmospheric Heating
3 Topics
Overview
Solar Radiation
Terrestrial Radiation
Atmospheric Cooling
4 Topics
Radiation Cooling
Nocturnal Inversion
Wind Effect
Cloud Effect
Water in the Atmosphere
2 Topics | 1 Quiz
Latent Heat
Phase Changes
Knowledge Check
Moisture, Clouds and Precipitation
Relative Humidity and Dew Point
2 Topics
Relative Humidity
Dew Point
Cloud Formation
5 Topics
Cloud Development
Convection
Frontal Lift
Orographic Lift
Convergence
Cloud Classification
2 Topics
Appearance
Height
Cloud Types and Icing
2 Topics
Icing in Cumuliform Clouds
Icing in Stratiform Clouds
Precipitation
3 Topics | 1 Quiz
Necessary Ingredients
Formation
Temperature Distribution and Types of Precipitation
Knowledge Check
Stability and Instability
Atmospheric Stability
6 Topics
Definition
Lapse Rate
Absolute Stability
Absolute Instability
Conditional Stability
Summary
Factors Affecting Atmospheric Stability
6 Topics
Surfaces
Clouds
Winds
Heating and Cooling
Stability Modification Due to Air Movement
Cold and Warm Air Advection
Characteristics of Stable and Unstable Air
1 Topic | 1 Quiz
Summary
Knowledge Check
Surface Based Layers
Fog
7 Topics
Fog Formation
Radiation Fog
Advection Fog
Upslope Fog
Frontal Fog
Steam Fog
Summary
Haze and Smoke
2 Topics
Definition of Haze and Smoke
Effect on Visibility
Blowing Obstructions to Vision
3 Topics | 1 Quiz
Snow
Sand and Dust
Descriptors: Blowing and Drifting
Knowledge Check
Turbulence
Convective and Mechanical Turbulence
2 Topics
Convective Turbulence
Mechanical Turbulence
Wind Shear
3 Topics
Definition
Effect of Wind Shear on an Aircraft’s Flight Path
Weather Associated with Wind Shear
Clear Air Turbulence (CAT)
5 Topics
Definition
Jet Streams
Rules of Thumb
Avoiding CAT Associated with Jet Streams
Other Areas of CAT
Mountain Waves
2 Topics
Formation
Clouds Associated with Mountain Waves
Turbulence Reporting Criteria
1 Topic | 1 Quiz
Summary
Knowledge Check
Wind
Wind
6 Topics
What Causes Wind?
Pressure Gradient Force
Coriolis Force
Geostrophic Wind
Friction
Curvature Effect
Land and Sea Breezes
2 Topics
Land Breeze
Sea Breeze
Katabatic and Anabatic Winds
2 Topics
Katabatic Winds
Anabatic Winds
Diurnal Variation of Surface Winds
3 Topics
Daytime Winds
Nighttime Winds
Summary
Low Level Nocturnal Jet Stream
2 Topics | 1 Quiz
Formation
Characteristics
Knowledge Check
Air Masses
Classification of Air Masses
2 Topics
Source Regions
Classification
Modification of Air Masses
1 Topic | 1 Quiz
Modification
Knowledge Check
Fronts
Fronts
2 Topics
Definition
Types
Warm Fronts
3 Topics
Definition
Weather Associated With a Warm Front
Depiction on Weather Charts
Cold Fronts
3 Topics
Definition
Weather Associated With a Cold Front
Depiction on Weather Charts
Stationary Fronts
2 Topics
Weather Associated with a Stationary Front
Depiction on Weather Charts
Occluded Fronts and TROWALs
3 Topics | 1 Quiz
Cyclogenesis
Cold Front Occlusion
Warm Front Occlusion
Knowledge Check
Thunderstorms
The Life Cycle of a Thunderstorm
2 Topics
Requirements for Development
Structure
Thunderstorm Hazards
8 Topics
Overview
Turbulence
Gust Front
Microburst
Hail
Icing
Lightning
Water Ingestion
Classification of Thunderstorms
3 Topics
Air Mass Thunderstorms
Frontal Thunderstorms
Squall Line Thunderstorms
Thunderstorm Avoidance
2 Topics | 1 Quiz
General Strategies
Inadvertent Entry into a Thunderstorm
Knowledge Check
Aviation Weather Reports
Meteorological Observations and Reports
2 Topics
Human Observations
Automated Observations
Decoding METARs
1 Topic
Sample
Pilot Reports (PIREPs)
3 Topics | 1 Quiz
Definition
Types of PIREPs
Sample
Knowledge Check
Aviation Forecasts
Graphical Area Forecasts (GFAs)
3 Topics
General
Clouds and Weather
Icing, Turbulence and Freezing Level
Terminal Area Forecasts (TAFs)
1 Topic
Decoding
Upper Winds and Temperature Forecast (FDs)
2 Topics
What is an FD?
Decoding
AIRMETs
8 Topics
Definition
Issuance Criteria
Naming Criteria
Validity
Description of Location
Description of Movement and Intensity
Updates and Cancellations
Sample
SIGMETs
8 Topics | 1 Quiz
Definition
Issuance Criteria
Naming Criteria
Validity
Description of Location
Description of Movement and Intensity
Updates and Cancellations
Sample
Knowledge Check
Progress Check
2 Quizzes
Meteorology Theory Progress Check
Practical Meteorology Progress Check
Radio Wave Theory
Radio Wave Propagation
2 Topics
What is a Radio Wave?
Factors Affecting Wave Propagation
Propagation Paths
7 Topics
Introduction
Ionosphere
Reflection
Refraction
Surface Wave
Sky Wave
Space Wave
Non Directional Beacons and Automatic Direction Finders
Principles of Operation
3 Topics
Ground and Airborne Equipment
Classification
Accuracy
Bearings
3 Topics
Definitions
Bearing to a Station
Bearing from a Station
Equipment
2 Topics
Indicators
Control Unit
Navigation
6 Topics
Homing
Correcting for Drift
Intercepting a Track to a Station
Intercepting a Track From a Station
Station Passage
Monitoring
Errors
4 Topics | 1 Quiz
Coastal Refraction
Night Effect
Mountain Effect
Noise
Knowledge Check
Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range (VOR)
Principles of Operation
3 Topics
Introduction
Phase Comparison
Doppler VOR (DVOR)
VOR/DMEs VORTACs and TACANs
3 Topics
VOR/DME
TACAN
VORTAC
Equipment
2 Topics
Ground Equipment
Airborne Equipment
Accuracy Checks
2 Topics
Receiver Checks
Airborne Checks
Navigation
7 Topics
Intercepting a Radial Inbound
Intercepting a Radial Outbound
Correcting for Drift
Station Passage
Cone of Confusion
Reverse Sensing
Determining a VOR Fix
Errors and Limitations
5 Topics | 1 Quiz
Ground Station Error
Site Effect
Vertical Polarization
Airborne Equipment Error
Accuracy
Knowledge Check
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
Principles of Operation
2 Topics
GPS Segments
How GPS Determines Position
GPS as a VFR Navigation Tool
1 Topic | 1 Quiz
Summary
Knowledge Check
Other Radio and Radar Aids
Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs)
8 Topics
Principle of Operation
Types
Requirements
Normal Use
Emergency Use
Maximizing the Signal
Accidental Transmissions
Testing Procedures
Primary Surveillance Radar
2 Topics
Principle of Operation
Uses
Secondary Surveillance Radar
2 Topics
Principle of Operation
Advantages Over Primary Radar
Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B)
2 Topics | 1 Quiz
Principle of Operation
ADS-B in Canadian Airspace
Knowledge Check
Flight Planning
Maps and Charts
5 Topics
Map Projections
Scale
Latitude and Longitude
VFR Navigation Charts (VNC)
VFR Terminal Area Chart (VTA)
Canada Flight Supplement
4 Topics
Introduction
Sections of the CFS
Aerodrome Directory
VFR Terminal Procedures Chart
NOTAMs
3 Topics
Purpose
Types
Sample
Flight Plants and Flight Itineraries
7 Topics | 1 Quiz
Flight Plans
Flight Itineraries
Flights Between Canada and a Foreign State
Filing a Flight Plan or Flight Itinerary
Opening a Flight Plan
Modifying a Flight Plan
Filing an Arrival Report
Knowledge Check
Non-Variable Factors
19 Topics
Suitability of Destination Aerodrome
Suitability of Departure Aerodrome
Aircraft
Obtain Current Charts
Review the Route
Select a Departure Type
Draw the Track Lines
Draw the 10° Drift Lines
Identify Obstacles and Aerodromes Within the 10° Drift Lines
Draw Distance Markers
Mark the Ground Speed Checkpoints
The Navigation Log
Route (From – To)
Safe Altitude
True Track
Variation
Distance
Checkpoint Data
Other Information
Variable Factors
22 Topics
Collecting Weather Reports and Forecasts
Graphic Area Forecasts
Weather Radar
AIRMETs and SIGMETs
PIREPs
METARs and TAFs
Making a “Go” or “No-Go” Decision
Determine the Cruising Altitude
Determine the Wind Direction and Speed at the Cruising Altitude
Determine the Temperature
Determine the Time, Fuel and Distance to Climb
Select a Cruise Power Setting
Determine the Calibrated Airspeed
Determine the Indicated Airspeed
Determine the Wind Correction Angle and Groundspeed
Determine the True Heading
Determine the Magnetic Heading
Determine the Compass Heading
Determine the Estimated Time Enroute (ETE)
Determine the Total Fuel Required
Other Calculations
Complete and File the Flight Plan
Cross Country Procedures
Top of Climb and the Set Heading Point
3 Topics
Log the Engine Start Time
Log the Takeoff Time and ETA at Each Checkpoint
Log the Time Overhead the Set Heading Point
Tasks During Cruise
6 Topics
Map Reading
Ground Speed Checks
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Position Reports
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En Route ATS Surveillance
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General
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Opening and Closing Angles
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Arrival Information
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General Considerations
Circle of Uncertainty
Get a Line of Position or Position Fix
Radar Alerting Manoeuvres
Diverting to an Alternate
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Aviate
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Reciprocal Course
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Navigation Progress Check
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Practice Exams
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Practice Test 1
Practice Test 2
Practice Test 3
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Touchdown Zone Marking

Private Pilot Groundschool Runway and Taxiway Markings Touchdown Zone Marking

The touchdown zone is the first 3,000 feet of the runway or the first third of the runway, whichever is less, measured from the threshold in the direction of landing. The touchdown zone markings identify the touchdown zone for landing operations and are coded to provide distance information in 500 feet (150m) increments. These markings consist of groups of one, two, and three rectangular bars symmetrically arranged in pairs about the runway centerline, as shown below.

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